Most of the words previously discussed were fairly obvious. They were identified from similarities in sound, and by tracing etymologies in European historic sources and meaning through Hebrew dictionaries. In fact, my ability to recognize them depended upon those phonetic similarities.
 

In many of those examples we saw transformation and adaptation from the Hebrew root structure to a practical European environment, not merely a borrowing of words to specific applications.
 

Other important elements showed themselves in tracing linguistic examples. One was in the loss of affixes, leading or trailing syllables, illustrated by awface/face and awshame/shame. Another was in the form of phonemes, illustrated by the gutturals, and European evolution away from those. German nacht became English night, licht became light. This is attested in many biblical names: Akher to Aher, Bakhureem to Bahurim, Khaggai to Haggai, Khobab to Hobab, and so on. A third difficulty was in the eastern Indo-European manner of attaching sibilants to cause confusion on postulated IE roots, and hence, failure to recognize the Semitic connections.
 

Still another is evolution of families of words in the Semitic, and the manner of application which we might find foreign to our Indo-European linguistic habits. We saw that the Hebrew rawvaw⁷³⁰¹ provided the source for river and ravine, those places that are watered abundantly. Another root with the "rah" phoneme, yawraw (3384), means "to throw," "shoot," "cast," or "pour," in the sense of throwing, shooting or casting water from the sky. Hosea 6:3 has "as the spring rains that water (yoreh) the earth." Deut 11:14 uses the same word in "the early rain and the later rain (yoreh)." A more inflected form is found in Job 37:11, "Also by watering (yatreekha) the thick cloud . . ."
 

Latin rigere means "to water," "to irrigate." This is related to the Teutonic words which led to English rain: Old English rein, Old Saxon regan, Old Norse regn, and Gothic rign. In all of these, from the Hebrew rawvaw and yawraw, to the Latin rigere, to the Teutonic forms, we see the "rah" or "ree" phoneme.
 

The YAW prefix shows in other Hebrew words. Hawlawkh¹⁹⁸⁰ has multiple applications, including "to go," "walk," "proceed," "depart," "go about," "walk to and fro," "exercise," and so on. Yawlawk³²¹² means "to go," "to journey." Gen 13:17 has "Arise, walk (hithhawlakh) through the land . . ." Jer 3:17 reads ". . . neither shall they walk (yelku) . . ."

In the Teutonic languages the predecessors of the word walk had meaning different from those we recognize in this English word today.

Old English wealcan = "to roll or toss."

Middle High German walcan = "to knead, to roll (paste) in the hands," and (rarely) "to move about."

Old Norse valca = "to drag about," "to torment," "to wallow."
 

OED comments that: "It is remarkable that to the end of the Old English period the sense of the strong verb was 'to roll,' and that from the beginning of the Middle English period it was 'to move about, travel.'
 

same phonetic order. (The guttural kh already went to the hard k in Hebrew.) The wide application of the Hebrew words could easily have permitted their introduction into the Teutonic languages with related meanings as we see them in the historical record.
 

We come now to a set of far more interesting and curious yaw words.
 

Yawkheed³¹⁷³
Yawlad³²⁰⁵
Yaldaw³²⁰⁷
 

Brown, Drive and Briggs offer definitions for yawkheed = "one," "only one," and "solitary." In Aramaic and Arabic it also was used as "solitary." In Gen 22:2 the phrase translated "thy son, thine only son" is binka yahkheedka. The identical phrases and translation are offered in Gen 22:12,16. In Jer 6:26 the phrase yehbel yawkheed is translated "as for an only son." In Amos 8:10 yawkheed is again translated as "only son." In Prov 4:3 yawkheed is translated as "an only child." In Judges 6:34 is the phrase hea yawkheedah, "his only child." In this case yawkheed had the female application.

OED states the English kid is a Middle English adaptation of Old Norse kith. It is found in German kitz and Old High German kizzin. In Germany it was applied to the young of a roe-dear during its first year. In England it meant the young of a goat. Later it was used for human children. The origins are unknown. This is another illustration of English reversion to Hebrew phonetics and meaning.
 

Brown, Driver and Briggs show the definition of yawlad as "bear, bring forth, and beget." The word is found in Aramaic, Arabic and Assyrian aladu. As a noun B-D-B offer translation as "offspring, child." With a slight vowel change to yeled it is translated as "child, son, boy and youth." It is found in numerous passages, including Gen 21:8,14, Exod 2:3,6, I Chron 20:6, and so on.
 

OED states that the origin of English lad, in Middle English as ladde, is unknown. It rejects a suggestion that it derived from the last syllable of the Gothic juggalauths = "young man," on grounds both of phonology and meaning.
 

Brown, Driver and Briggs show the definition of yaldaw as "girl," or "damsel." It is found in Gen 34:6, Joel 4:3, and so on.
 

OED shows daughter as a common Teutonic word, pronounced mostly the same way since ancient times. It has cognates in Sanskrit duhitar, Old Slavonic dusti, and Lithuanian dukte. Etymologists propose origins in an ancient Indo-European root *daugh found in Sanskrit duh- = "to milk." However, the curious parallels with yawkheed = "kid," and yawlad = "lad," now make such proposal suspect. This word may be from the original ancient Semitic source which lies behind both the IE and recent Semitic languages.
 

The following list shows words culled from the Hebrew dictionary of Strong's Exhaustive Concordance and compared against the definitions provided by Brown, Driver and Briggs. The list is not intended to be exhaustive, merely indicative. In certain cases there may be a relationship in phonology and meaning which is not directly descended from a Hebrew word, but which shows the phenomenon of reversion which is so curious.